FGPA implementations of motion estimation algorithms using Vivado high level synthesis

Joint collaborative team on video coding (JCT-VC) recently developed a new international video compression standard called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). HEVC has 50% better compression efficiency than previous H.264 video compression standard. HEVC achieves this video compression efficiency by significantly increasing the computational complexity. Motion estimation is the most computationally complex part of video encoders. Integer motion estimation and fractional motion estimation account for 70% of the computational complexity of an HEVC video encoder. High-level synthesis (HLS) tools are started to be successfully used for FPGA implementations of digital signal processing algorithms. They significantly decrease design and verification time. Therefore, in this thesis, we proposed the first FPGA implementation of HEVC full search motion estimation using Vivado HLS. Then, we proposed the first FPGA implementations of two fast search (diamond search and TZ search) algorithms using Vivado HLS. Finally, we proposed the first FPGA implementations of HEVC fractional interpolation and motion estimation using Vivado HLS. We used several HLS optimization directives to increase performance and decrease area of these FPGA implementations

A novel GNSS repeater architecture for indoor positioning systems in ISM band

For indoor positioning using customary Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, the use of GNSS repeaters can be considered. However, regulations and provisions limit the use of GNSSrepeaters. In order to circumvent these limitations, we propose a novel repeater architecture that transmits the Global Positioning System (GPS)signals in433 MHz ISM bandby frequency down-conversion.In addition,areceiver front end is proposed to upconvert GPS signals back to 1575.42 MHz, which allows any off-the-shelf GPS receiver to be used for indoor positioning.Measurement results with the RF hardware show that when the GPS signals are down-converted and then upconverted back to its original frequency, GPS signal fidelity and positioning accuracy are preserved

Reduction the Effects of the Vibration Parameter on the Replacement Knee Joint during Daily Gait Cycle

There are many patients who face a lot of things that hurt the knee joint. Knee replacement is the best solution to these problems. This research was based on reducing the vibrations of daily activities as measured by the frequency of foot and knee for the patient for three cases when the bare foot, sports shoes with ground air and sports shoes with ground air with silicon damping. Patient information for this work was of age, weight, height and leg length 48 years, 90 kg, 160 cm, 84 cm, respectively. The results was shown that the decline in acceleration results was in the case of sport shoes with ground air with silicon damping with 22.57%, while the decline in vibration results was in the case of sports shoes with ground air with -54.9%

FPGA implementations of HEVC sub-pixel interpolation using high-level synthesis

Sub-pixel interpolation is one of the most computationally intensive parts of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) video encoder and decoder. High-level synthesis (HLS) tools are started to be successfully used for FPGA implementations of digital signal processing algorithms. Therefore, in this paper, the first FPGA implementation of HEVC sub-pixel (half-pixel and quarter-pixel) interpolation algorithm using a HLS tool in the literature is proposed. The proposed HEVC sub-pixel interpolation hardware is implemented on Xilinx FPGAs using Xilinx Vivado HLS tool. It, in the worst case, can process 45 quad full HD (3840×2160) video frames per second. Using HLS tool significantly reduced the FPGA development time. Therefore, HLS tools can be used for FPGA implementation of HEVC video encoder

A 28 GHz beam steerable elliptic microstrip array antenna for 5G applications

This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and measurement of a two-layer, 2 times 10 elliptic, microstrip series fed antenna array operating at 28 GHz for 5G and mm-wave user equipment. A branch line coupler was used as a feeding network that can generate three beams. The peak gain value of each beam was 13 dBi at 28 GHz. The gain value was above 10 dBi within a beam coverage of-45° to 45°, and the peak gain value for the 26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz band was above 10 dBi. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed design was below-10 dB in the 26.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz band. The dimensions of the 2times 10 antenna array with coupler were 80times 40times 0.203 mm3 on Rogers RO4003 substrate. This design is suitable for 5G mobile user applications due to its low cost and compactness

Low-cost multibeam millimeter-wave array antennas for 5 G mobile applications

This paper presents a low-cost, compact, multibeam planar antenna system with a wide beam coverage angle at 28 GHz for 5 G applications. The proposed microstrip based design includes two branch-line couplers and a Butler matrix with and series-fed array antennas. Unlike the conventional Butler matrix and branch-line coupler, which generally can generate 4 and 2 beams, respectively, the designed configuration employs a novel feeding technique which allows the system to generate 7 beams for butler matrix and 3 beams for the branch-line coupler. This system covers a wider spatial range, due to its unique placement of the branch-line couplers and the antennas, perpendicular to the sides of the main beamforming and the array antenna architecture. The measured gain, for the 13 beams, varied between 11.2 and 14.1 dBi at 28 GHz. A wide impedance bandwidth for the entire 26.5 to 29.5 GHz band was achieved, while more than a 10% fractional radiation bandwidth was obtained with a gain value over 10 dBi. The beamforming networks and rectangular series-fed microstrip array system was fabricated using low-cost PCB prototyping on Rogers 4003 C with dimensions of

σ-Algebra and σ-Baire in Fuzzy Soft Setting

We first introduce some new notions of Baireness in fuzzy soft topological space (FSTS). Next, their characterizations and basic properties are investigated in this work. The notions of fuzzy soft dense, fuzzy soft nowhere dense, fuzzy soft meager, fuzzy soft second category, fuzzy soft residual, fuzzy soft Baire, fuzzy soft δ-sets, fuzzy soft λσ-sets, fuzzy soft σ-nowhere dense, fuzzy soft σ-meager, fuzzy soft σ-residual, fuzzy soft σ-Baire, fuzzy soft σ-second category, fuzzy soft σ-residual, fuzzy, fuzzy soft submaximal space, fuzzy soft P-space, fuzzy soft almost resolvable space, fuzzy soft hyperconnected space, fuzzy soft A-embedded, fuzzy soft D-Baire, fuzzy soft almost P-spaces, fuzzy soft Borel, and fuzzy soft σ-algebra are introduced. Furthermore, several examples are shown as well

Indoor positioning system based on global positioning system signals with down- and up-converters in 433 MHz ISM band

In this paper, an indoor positioning system using Global Positioning System (GPS) signals in the 433 MHz Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band is proposed, and an experimental demonstration of how the proposed system operates under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions on a building floor is presented. The proposed method is based on down-converting (DC) repeaters and an up-converting (UC) receiver. The down-conversion is deployed to avoid the restrictions on the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) repeaters, to achieve higher output power, and to expose the GPS signals to lower path loss. The repeaters receive outdoor GPS signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1 band), down-convert them to the 433 MHz ISM band, then amplify and retransmit them to the indoor environment. The front end up-converter is combined with an off-the-shelf GPS receiver. When GPS signals at 433 MHz are received by the up-converting receiver, it then amplifies and up-converts these signals back to the L1 frequency. Subsequently, the off-the-shelf GPS receiver calculates the pseudo-ranges. The raw data are then sent from the receiver over a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi link to a remote computer for data processing and indoor position estimation. Each repeater also has an attenuator to adjust its amplification level so that each repeater transmits almost equal signal levels in order to prevent jamming of the off-the-shelf GPS receiver. Experimental results demonstrate that the indoor position of a receiver can be found with sub-meter accuracy under both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight conditions. The estimated position was found to be 54 and 98 cm away from the real position, while the 50% circular error probable (CEP) of the collected samples showed a radius of 3.3 and 4 m, respectively, for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight cases

Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Modeling and Control of Heat Pipes: A Review

Heat pipe systems have attracted increasing attention recently for application in various heat transfer-involving systems and processes. One of the obstacles in implementing heat pipes in many applications is their difficult-to-model operation due to the many parameters that affect their performance. A promising alternative to classical modeling that emerges to perform accurate modeling of heat pipe systems is artificial intelligence (AI)-based modeling. This research reviews the applications of AI techniques for the modeling and control of heat pipe systems. This work discusses the AI-based modeling of heat pipes focusing on the influence of chosen input parameters and the utilized prediction models in heat pipe applications. The article also highlights various important aspects related to the application of AI models for modeling heat pipe systems, such as the optimal AI model structure, the models overfitting under small datasets conditions, and the use of dimensionless numbers as inputs to the AI models. Also, the application of hybrid AI algorithms (such as metaheuristic optimization algorithms with artificial neural networks) was reviewed and discussed. Next, intelligent control methods for heat pipe systems are investigated and discussed. Finally, future research directions are included for further improving this technology. It was concluded that AI algorithms and models could predict the performance of heat pipe systems accurately and improve their performance substantially